Application of the war of attrition game to the analysis of intellectual property disputes

In many developing countries intellectual property infringement and the commerce of pirate goods is an entrepreneurial activity. Digital piracy is very often the only media for having access to music, cinema, books and software. At the same time, bio-prospecting and infringement of indigenous knowledge rights by international consortiums is usual in places with high biodiversity. In these arenas transnational actors interact with local communities. Accusations of piracy often go both ways. This article analyzes the case of southeast Mexico. Using a war of attrition game theory model it explains different situations of intellectual property rights piracy and protection. It analyzes different levels of interaction and institutional settings from the global to the very local. The article proposes free IP zones as a solution of IP disputes. The formation of technological local clusters through Free Intellectual Property Zones (FIPZ) would allow firms to copy and share de facto public domain content for developing new products inside the FIPZ. Enforcement of intellectual property could be pursuit outside of the FIPZ. FIPZ are envisioned as a new type of a sui generis intellectual property regime

Halving poverty in Mexico

We estimate the required time and the minimum necessary growth rate to halve poverty incidence and poverty intensity in Mexico’s rural and urban areas for a series of counterfactual distribution and growth scenarios. Results show that, given the current income distribution, per capita incomes in the rural area would have to grow faster –in some cases eight times faster– than they have done historically to shrink poverty by half by 2015. In contrast, income in the urban sector would have to grow around 1 per cent per year to reach the same goal, which seems a more reasonable outcome given its behavior in past years.economic growth, millennium development goals, poverty goals, poverty measurement, Mexico.

Pion GPDs: Constraints, modelling and experimental access

The study of Generalised Parton Distributions is a hot-topic in hadron physics. Due to its connection with chiral symmetry breaking, assessing those of pions is of great inter- est. For this reason, we present a novel model-building strategy for pion GPDs capable of fulfilling all of the theoretical constraints required by QCD: support, polynomiality, positivity and soft-pion theorem. The methodology is illustrated with a simple model, and exploited afterwards for the calculation of pions’ deeply virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) Compton Form Factors (CFFs) at NLO. The results show gluon-content to play the dominant role in pions’ response to DVCS at EIC kinematicsWork supported by University of Huelva under grant EPIT-2019

Generalized parton distributions of the pion: modeling, evolution and observable implications

Yet the Standard Model of particle physics is so far the most successful theory ever conceived in science, with countless of achievements in the description of Nature; still a number of phenomena remains to be properly understood. A paradigmatic example is confinement. Paving the road towards the understanding of such essential feature thus requires a detailed knowledge of hadrons' inside. The main subject covered in this thesis is precisely the study of hadron structure. Nonetheless this is a really broad field. We thus set sights on an exemplary case: The pions. As mesons, they are potentially simpler to describe that other hadrons like the proton. At the same time, as the pseudo Nambu-Goldstone modes associated to the dynamical breakdown of chiral symmetry, its description is of uttermost relevance for the comprehension of the origin of mass in Nature. We thus address the problem of assessing pions' structure, from first principles up to its observable manifestations. This work is thus divided into two parts: First, the issue of a formal description of hadron's structure is addressed. Relying on the role played by Compton scattering as an essential window into hadrons' inside, we review its formal treatment as understood in the generalized Bjorken limit, leading to the introduction of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Those parametrize the amplitudes for deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) on hadrons to take place, yielding a unique source of information about the way hadrons are built up from elementary constituents. In the second chapter of this dissertation we review the formal definition and primary properties of generalized parton distributions, together with the main strategies allowing for their evaluation. We identify two essential attributes to be fulfilled: Positivity and polynomiality; a task which, regardless, conventional approaches fail to accomplish. In the third chapter of this thesis we face the problem of obtaining models for pion GPDs which fulfill, by construction, these two features. Following an approach to the description of bound-state systems in quantum field theory based on continuum Schwinger methods, we find the hypothesis of decoupling between longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom at the level of parton dynamics to be associated with the dynamical breakdown of chiral symmetry. On that assumption, a novel family of generalized parton distributions within the DGLAP region is derived and showed to exhibit two striking characteristics: They satisfy the positivity constraints, and are built from the sole knowledge of parton distribution functions. From that point on we exploit the covariant extension strategy, allowing us to find the corresponding ERBL GPDs, such that polynomiality is also fulfilled by construction. Armed with models for pion GPDs that are complete, in the sense that they satisfy every necessary property, the second part of this work thus exploits them in the derivation of their observable manifestations, allowing for a practical assessment of pions' structure as well their benchmarking. To this end, the fourth chapter pursues the necessary evaluation of scale-evolution for GPDs through an effective approach which encompasses some non-perturbative aspects of the procedure. The results hint the crucial role played by gluons in building pions' up, their associated distributions being commensurate with those for quarks. We thus round-off this dissertation by exploiting the evolved models to deliver predictions on event-rates and beam-spin asymmetries as they could be measured at forthcoming electron-ion colliders. The results reveal that indeed DVCS on pions is expected to be measurable at future facilities; and reveals that gluons dominate the response of pions subjected to DVCS, identifying a sign inversion in the beam-spin asymmetries as clear signal for pinning-down the regime for gluon dominance.Pese a la ingente cantidad de resultados derivados del Modelo Estándar de la física de partículas aún existe una gran cantidad de fenómenos que no llegamos a entender completamente. Un ejemplo es el del confinamiento. Un paso esencial para su comprensión es la descripción de la estructura hadrónica. Esta es precisamente la temática de esta tesis, donde se estudia la estructura de piones mediante el formalismo de las distribuciones generalizadas de partones (GPDs, por sus siglas en inglés). Como mesones, los piones deberían ser más sencillos de describir que otros hadrones como el protón. Más aún, debido a su naturaleza dual como estados ligados pero también como bosones Goldstone asociados a la rotura dinámica de simetría quiral, los piones son una pieza fundamental para comprender el origen de la masa en sistemas físicos. Por todo esto esta tesis aborda la descripción de la estructura piónica a primeros principios y evalúa sus manifestaciones en experimentos. El trabajo está dividido en dos partes. Empezando por abordar el problema de la descripción de la estructura hadrónica desde una perspectiva general, el primer capítulo revisa los procesos de scattering Compton en este sentido. Así, la identificación del límite de dispersión profundamente virtual permite la introducción de las GPDs como objectos fundamentales para la descripción de scattering Compton profundamente virtual (DVCS, en inglés). El segundo capítulo se dedica entonces a un análisis detallado de estas, empezando por su definición, propiedades y una discusión detallada sobre toda la información que codifican sobre la estructura hadrónica. En este proceso se encuentra que las llamadas propiedades de "polinomialidad" y "positividad" juegan un papel central en la construcción de modelos de GPDs realistas, y es por tanto satisfacerlas en todo caso. En este sentido es importante destacar que las estrategias convencionales para el cálculo de GPDs no consiguen este objetivo. Con ello, el tercer capítulo de la tesis aborda el problema de construir modelos de GPDs para piones que satisfagan, por construcción, ambas propiedades. Siguiendo una estrategia basada en el método de las ecuaciones de Dyson-Schwinger para la descripción de estados ligados, se encuentra que la hipótesis de desacoplo entre los grados de libertad longitudinales y transversales de la dinámica partónica está íntimamente relacionada con la restauración de la simetría quiral. Explotando dicha hipótesis derivamos una nueva familia de GPDs en la región DGLAP que satisfacen la condición de positividad y para cuya construcción únicamente es necesario el conocimiento de las llamadas funciones de distribución de partones. Partiendo de ese resultado, la estrategia de extensión covariante permite obtener la correspondiente región ERBL, obteniendo por primera vez modelos de GPDs que satisfacen al mismo tiempo y por construcción las condiciones de positividad y polinomialidad. Con el fin de arrojar luz a nuestro entendimiento sobre la estructura de los piones, así como la contrastación de este estudio, la segunda parte del trabajo parte de los mencionados modelos y evalúa sus manifestaciones en los resultados obtenidos en futuros experimentos. Para ello, el capítulo cuatro se encarga de describir la necesaria evolución de GPDs con la escala de renormalización; implementando una estrategia efectiva capaz de abarcar efectos puramente no perturbativos de la interacción fuerte. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto el importante papel del contenido gluónico en la construcción de la estructura de piones. Finalmente, el quinto capítulo describe el cálculo de número de eventos y asimetrías en futuros aceleradores electrón-ion, mostrando que efectivamente estas instalaciones deberían ser capaces de medir DVCS en piones e identificando la inversión en las correspondientes asimetrías como una clara señal experimental capaz de delimitar el régimen en el que los gluones constituyen la parte dominante en la estructura piónica

Critical Issues in the New U.S.-Mexico relations: stumbling blocks and constructive paths

Foreword; Introduction: The Stumbling Blocks and Constructive Paths of U.S.Mexico Relations; Foreign Policy and Governance in Mexico A Conceptual and Operational Dilemma; Mexico-U.S. Security: A Priority for the Bilateral Agenda; Information; Emerging Influences in Contemporary U.S.Mexico Relations; Mexican Migration to the United States; The “Maquiladorization” of the Mexican Manufacturing Industry under NAFTA; The United States and Mexico in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty: Regulating Genetically Modified Organism

Discontinuous almost periodic type functions, almost automorphy of solutions of differential equations with discontinuous delay and applications

In this work, using discontinuous almost periodic type functions, exponential dichotomy and the notion of Bi-almost automorphicity we give sufficient conditions to obtain a unique almost automorphic solution of a quasilinear system of differential equations with piecewise constant arguments. Finally, an application to the Lasota–Wazewska model with piecewise constant delayed argument is given